What is the role of the active site in an enzyme?

The active site of an enzyme plays a crucial role in the catalytic process by allowing specific reactants, known as substrates, to bind to the enzyme. This binding occurs due to the unique shape and chemical environment of the active site, which is complementary to the substrate's structure. The specificity of the active site ensures that only certain reactants can interact with the enzyme, facilitating precise biochemical reactions.

When a substrate binds to the active site, it can undergo a transformation leading to the formation of products. This selective binding is essential for the regulation and efficiency of metabolic pathways, as it prevents non-specific interactions that could lead to undesired reactions. Enzymes, therefore, serve as biological catalysts, and the active site is integral to their function in speeding up reactions without altering their thermodynamic properties.